Custody transfer challenges related to satellite LNG plant from the DSO perspective
Andrzej Żero
Filling of cryogenic tanks on satellite LNG plant is associated with the correct determination of the amount of the received LNG. The article presents a change in the approach to determining the amount of liquefied gas introduced to the LNG satellite plant(small scale LNG) installation from the perspective of the development of the small LNG market.
An optomechanical transducer for measuring the displacement of pipeline expansion joints in gas transmission networks.
Wojciech Kostowski, Erwin Maciak, Daniel Adamecki, Grzegorz Głuszek, Kamil Barczak, Zbigniew Opilski,Radosław Rolf, Janusz Pietruszewski, Wojciech Grzegorzek, Paweł Szufleński
The paper presents a dedicated solution for measuring the displacement of pipeline expansion joints. The elaborated transducer is based on fiberoptic Bragg grating sensors, providing high quality of measurments with an experimentally demonstrated accuracy no worse than 0.93%.Beyond the optical part, the transducer is also equipped with a mechanical system and an ingress protection system against the soil and waterenvironment. The application of a fiberglass-based sensor technology enables the operator to easily multiply the measurement points and to carryout remote reading of even several dozen expansion joints at once.
Waste combustion in municipal heating devices as a threat to the environment and human health
Tadeusz Dziok, Zbigniew Tałach, Marcelina Bury
The shortages of solid fuels on the Polish market may results in the combustion of prohibited materials (waste) in municipal heating devices. This can increase the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and have a negative impact on human health. The combustion of waste causes a significant increase in emissions of carbon monoxide and organic compounds, including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, phenols and formaldehydes. Waste combustion also has a very negative impact on the operation of heating devices and chimney installations.
Microorganisms as producers of biohydrogen: From basic research to R&D in biotechnology
Anna Sikora, Anna Detman
Biohydrogen is produced by the metabolic activity of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. The article discusses the metabolic pathways of biohydrogen production: biophotolysis, photo-fermentation, and dark fermentations. Special emphasis was put on biohydrogen production processes at the acidogenesis stage of anaerobic digestion (dark fermentation and conversion of lactate and acetate to butyrate) as a promising method of biohydrogen production. The production of biohydrogen by such a method has low yields and requires the reduction of competing processes, mainly other types of acid fermentation. Production of biohydrogen at the acidogenesis stage is possible in two-stage or multi-stage systems, in which the acidogenesis stage is separated in time and space from the acetogenesis and methanogenesis stages. The work on such a technology is presented using the example of a two-stage installation for the production of biohydrogen and biomethane by anaerobic digestion of sugar industry by-products developed at a research unit and being developed by an industrial partner. Challenges and limitations of biohydrogen production were discussed, especially at the acidogenesis stage. Reasons for the immaturity of biohydrogen production technologies and their still remaining in the research and development stage compared to advanced, implemented biogas production solutions were discussed.
Thermal treatment as an final element of the circular economy in municipal solid waste management system.
Grzegorz Wielgosiński
Regardless of the implementation of circular economy in the municipal waste management system, there will always be a stream of so-called residual waste, after selective collection, whose fuel properties will have to be used to reduce the amount of landfilled waste below 10%. This means that it is necessary to build a dozen or so new waste thermal treatment installations to complete the municipal waste management system in Poland. Contrary to popular belief, these are safe, low-emission installations that do not pose a threat to people and the environment, commonly built and operated all over the world.
Waste incineration in Waste Thermal Treatment Plants with reduced calorific value
Zbigniew Grabowski
Considering that for incineration plants, not only waste, the basic and constant technical and technological parameter is the heat capacity of the combustion chamber, and not the mass of waste subjected to incineration, on the basis of current research on the calorific value of waste delivered to the selected analyzed incineration plant, the article analyzes the amount of waste, which should be incinerated in order for the incineration plant to operate in nominal conditions (at the thermal capacity of the chamber assumed in the design and in the integrated permit) and to achieve the energy effects assumed in the desig
